I love it when the Internet can answer my questions. For example:
If for a direction vector in the world (Dx, Dy, Dz), the corresponding (u,v) coordinate in the light probe image is (Dx*r,Dy*r) where r=(1/pi)*acos(Dz)/sqrt(Dx^2 + Dy^2).
...and...
... for mirrored ball maps... r = sin(acos(Dz)/2) / sqrt(Dx^2 + Dy^2)